There are many reasons why a written argument is a good way to defend an opinion. The first reason is that writing gives you time to collect your thoughts. It gives one time to find sources, research your position, and develop a coherent argument that could not be done in an oral, impromptu debate.
Another reason is that in an oral debate, a written argument can be referenced. It can also be used as notes by people who are researching the topic, and can be cited for verification. Spoken evidence is anecdotal evidence at best and hearsay at worst. And when an orator dies, anything not shared through an oratory tradition went with him, as well. With the written argument, this is not the case. Someone who has written a paper can die, but the paper will still live on.
Lastly, a written argument can be reviewed, and it can reach an audience much farther away, without requiring a live presentation. A man can speak to his congressman, or he can simply write him a letter. If they need to go back to the argument, they can simply refer to the letter rather than calling up the person who wrote them.
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